Transformation Rules: Given the function, af (b(x + c)) ±d, a: Stretches vertically (for la] > 1) or shrinks vertically (for 0 < la] < 1) If a is negative, the function reflects over the x-axis b: Shrinks horizontally (for [b]> 1) or stretches horizontally (for 0 <|b|<1) If b is negative, the function reflects over the y-axis. c: Moves the parent function right (-) or left (+) d: Moves the parent function up (+) or down (-) Let's look at different types of transformations of a graph when we know the parent function. Transformation Type 1: Vertical Translations When a number, let's call it "c", is added to the outside of the parent function, the graph is moved UP c units. When a number, c, is subtracted to the outside of the parent function, the graph is moved DOWN c units. 5a. Graph the function on the graph with a SOLID LINE. Use an xly chart to help you, if needed. f(x)=x² - This is the parent function. b. Graph the function below on the same graph with a DOTTED LINE. Use an xly chart to help you if needed. g(x) = x² + 4 - This is the parent function with a transformation. c. Graph the function below on the graph with a DASHED LINE. Use an xly chart to help you, if needed. h(x)=x²-3 + This is the parent function with a different transformation. Transformation Type 2: Horizontal Translations When a number, let's call it "d", is added to the inside of the parent function, the graph is moved LEFT d units. When a number, d, is subtracted from the inside of the parent function, the graph is moved RIGHT d units. 6a. Graph the function on the graph with a SOLID LINE. Use an xiy chart to help you, if needed. f(x) = x³ + This is the parent function. b. Graph the function below on the same graph with a DOTTED LINE. Use an xly chart to help you if needed. g(x)=(x-4)³ - This is the parent function with a transformation. c. Graph the function below on the graph with a DASHED LINE. Use an xly chart to help you, if needed. h(x) = (x+5)³ - This is the parent function with a different transformation.