The potentiometer circuit shown below provides a null method for comparing an unknown voltage with a known voltage
provided by a standard cell. The voltage can be determined to high accuracy, without causing a current to flow in either the unknown source or the standard cell, by first adjusting for a null reading on the meter with the standard cell connected (
) and then readjusting it for a null with the unknown connected (
). Derive an expression for
, and show that the result is independent of
,
,
, and
.