(Solved): Read the following passage and then answer Questions 3, 4 1 Birthdays fulfil an important psycholog ...

Read the following passage and then answer Questions 3, 4 1 Birthdays fulfil an important psychological function, because they provide an opportunity for everyone to feel special for one day each year and for their family and friends to show how much they love and appreciate them. Those few people who are not willing to be the centre of attention in this way must recognise that they have an extremely low sense of self-esteem. Everyone should therefore celebrate their own birthday and the birthdays of family and friends. However. birthdays are not selfish events: everyone's special day is more than balanced by the occasions on which they celebrate other people's birthdays. 2 Birthdays are fairer than other celebrations. Not everyone achieves sporting success or graduates from university: some people never even have the opportunity to be the focus of attention at their own wedding. either because they have chosen not to marry or because they have been unable to find a spouse; but everyone has a birthday every year. It is as if every citizen of a country had a turn at being President for a day. 3 Birthday presents - perhaps a book, chocolates or flowers - are worth far more than the monetary value of the gift. The effort that someone has made and the time they have taken to think about you, to work out precisely what would please you, and then to select and pay for the appropriate gift make it a physical expression of emotions which may rarely be put into words. 4 People who refuse to celebrate their own birthday may think that they are being humble and selfeffacing. but they are actually being selfish. They draw more attention to themselves by explaining that they do not observe birthdays than they would by quietly accepting good wishes from those who are close to them. Their family and friends feel uncomfortable, because they do not know whether to ignore the birthday or acknowledge it in some way. 3 (a) Using the exact words from the passage as far as possible identify the main conclusion [2] (b) Using the exact words from the passage as tat as possible, identify two intermediate conclusions from paragraphs 2 to 4 (c) Using the exact words from the passage as far as possible, identiy a counter-assertion [2] (d) Identify the argument element and explain the function of the following words from paragraph 3. a book chocolates or flowers [2] (o) Identify an unstated assumplion required by the reasoning in paragraph 3 [2] (a) Explain how the reasoning in paragraph 1 is weakened by a flaw of restroting the options [2] (b) It is as if every citzen of a country had a turn at being President for a day' (Paragraph 2). Evaluate this analogy. [2] (c) Explain why the claim in paragraph 4 that some people are actually being selfish' is not an example of the flaw of personal atlack (ad hominem) [2] (d) Identify an incorsistency in the reasoning in paragraphs 1 and 4