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An incident occurred in October 2022 when a section of the Kusile Unit 1 flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) duct collapsed, which led to the shutdown of three units - Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3 - due to shared chimney facilities. As a result, the Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries (DEFF) granted Eskom an exemption to temporarily bypass pollution regulations at Kusile,allowing the station to operate without desulphurisation from November 2023 until the permanent stacks are repaired and restored in 2024. This exemption granted the station a year-long waiver from desulphurisation. Each unit operates at a capacity of 800 MW. Assuming the Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) system operates with 90% SO? removal efficiency using limestone (CaCO?) as the sorbent with a stoichiometric ratio of 1.2:1 (CaCO?:SO?). The slurry in the wet FGD system contains 10% solids by weight, and the slurry density is 1000 kg/m³. The coal has a heating value of 24 MJ/kg, and the plant operates at 45% efficiency. The FGD system produces gypsum (CaSO?·2H?O) as a byproduct, which can be sold for construction purposes. • Limestone (CaCO?) reaction: CaCO? + SO? + ½O? ? CaSO? + CO? • CaCO? + SO? + ½O? + 2H?O ? CaSO?·2H?O + CO? • Molecular weights: CaCO? = 100 g/mol, SO? = 64 g/mol, S: 32 g/mol, CaSO?·2H?O = 172g/mol. a) Calculate the coal consumption rate of each unit (in tonnes/hour) anand determine the uncontrolled SO? emission rate (in tonnes/hour) during the time of exemption if low-grade (3.5% sulphur) coal was supplied. b) Estimate the flue gas flow rate (in m³/hour), and the SO? concentration in the flue gas (in ppm) before FGD. Assuming 1 kg of coal produces 10 m³ of flue gas at standard conditions (25°C, 1 atm) and ideal gas behaviour (1 mole of gas occupies 24.45 L at 25°C, 1 atm). c) Determine the volume of slurry (in m³/hour) required to achieve 90% SO? removal and the amount of gypsum produced (in tonnes/hour) from the FGD reaction. d) Estimate the annual cost of limestone (in Rand) if the plant operates 8500 hours/year, and limestone costs R400/tonne. e) Critically evaluate the use of a wet FGD system for Kusile, considering the 3% sulphur content and potential operational challenges (e.g., scaling, corrosion). Suggest one alternative SO? control strategy and justify its feasibility. f) If high-grade (1% sulphur) coal was used, estimate the reduction in the uncontrolled flue gas emissions in % and reduced annual limestone cost in R/year.

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Unit Outcomes (UOs) (in the cognitive domain) 3a Justify the need of the tender document for the given situation. 3b. Draft tender notice for the given type of work 3c. Explain the relevant provision of contact in the given situation as per Contract act 1872. 3d. Justify the provision of liability period in tender document of the given work, 3e. Explain the process of arbitration used in the givern case of dispute. 3f. Justify the necessity E-Tendering system for the given type of civil work. Topics and Sub-Topics 3.1 Definition of tender, necessity of tender, Types of tender-local, Global, open Limited and negotiated tender 3.2 Notice to invite Tender (NIT)- Points to be included while drafting tender notice, Drafting of tender notice. 3.3 Meaning of terms: Earnest money Deposit (EMD), Security deposit, Additional Performance Security Deposit, Validity period, right to reject one or all tenders, corrigendum to tender notice and its necessity. of 3.4 Tender documents Index, tender notice, general instructions, special instructions, schedule A, Schedule B, schedule C, Terms related to tender documents contract conditions time limit, time extension, penalty, defective material and workmanship, termination of contract, suspension of work, subletting of contract, extra items, price variation clause (escalation), defect liability Period, liquidated and un-liquidated Damages. 3.5 Arbitration-Meaning, Qualification of an arbitrator, appointment, Causca and Settlement of disputes, Powers and duties of Arbitrator, Award of result. 3.6 Procedure of submitting filled tender Document (Two envelope system), procedure of opening tender, comparative statement, scrutiny of tenders, award of contract, acceptance letter and work order. 3.7 E-Tendering System- Online procedure of Submission of Tender in PWD. 3.8 Unbalanced tender, ring formation.

Step 3: Construct the Phylogenetic TreeNow, we use the distance matrix to construct the phylogenetic tree.1. Identify the Outgroup: The platypus is the most distantly related species and serves as the outgroup.2. Cluster the Closest Species First:o Coyote and Cat have the smallest distance (1), indicating they are closely related.o Mink and Coyote/Cat cluster together.o Monkey and Mink cluster next.o Opossum is slightly more distant than Monkey.o Deer and Rabbit form another close cluster.3. Merge Clusters into a Hierarchical Tree:o The Platypus is the most basal (root of the tree).o Herbivores (Rabbit & Deer) form one group.o Carnivores (Coyote, Mink, and Cat) form another.o Opossum, Monkey, and Mink appear more closely related than Deer/Rabbit.

A patient comes in complaining of having episodes of light-headedness and also reported cases of when they had fainted, even though they have tried to take care of themselves and drink plenty of water. You decide to do their blood work and discover that they have an abnormally high hematocrit. What could be a possible reason why they might be having these episodes? A. Hypovolemic Shock B. Hypotension C. Dehydration D. A and B only E. A, B, and C

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