(Solved): \& Know about Drug Development: pre-clinical and clinical drug trials \& Know about homeostasis neg ...

\& Know about Drug Development: pre-clinical and clinical drug trials \& Know about homeostasis negative feedback and positive feedback, compare and contrast, give examples, sensor, effector and integrating center. \( \star \) Steps in scientific experiments, control group and experimental group \$ Atom, electron, proton, neutron, atomic number, valence electron, atomic weight, isotopes, stereoisomers, enantiomers * Explain the different chemical bonds and their characteristics. Indicate the unique property for each bond. Give an example for each type of bond. \& Define the terms acidic, basic, acid, and base. Define \( \mathrm{pH} \) and describe the relationship between \( \mathrm{pH} \) and the \( \mathrm{H}+ \) concentration of a solution, range, blood \( \mathrm{pH} \). * Describe Passive, bulk transport and active transport, \( \star \) What are lysosomes and describe the functions of lysosomes clearly * Functions of peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membranes, proteins on the cell membrane, \& Mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA inheritance \( \star \) Gene expression: organelles involved in transcription, translation. * Acetylation, Deacetylation, Heterochromatin versus Euchromatin * Compare and contrast DNA versus RNA, \( \therefore \) Types of RNA and their functions \& Introns and exons, pre-mRNA, mRNA, RNA and DNA Polymerases * Degradation of proteins \( \star \) Functions of protein \( \star \) Structure of protein (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) with examples * Phospholipids, Steroids and ketones \( * \) How one gene can produce more than one protein * What are telomerase and telomere? \( \$ \) the law of mass action, Carbonic anhydrase, carbonic acid, water and carbon dioxide gas. * Enzymes, how enzymes function as catalysts - Lock and key and Induced fit model of an enzyme. \( \therefore \) Naming of enzyme * Isoenzyme \( \therefore \) Factors affecting the activity of enzyme and optimum conditions. * Coenzymes vs Cofactors * Draw (small sized but labeled) graphs to represent the effects of changes in temperature, \( \mathrm{pH} \), and enzyme and substrate concentration on the rate of enzymatic reactions. Explain the mechanisms responsible for the affects you have graphed and indicate the units on your graph. *nzyme inhibitions: Competitive and allosteric, end product inhibition \& Using the symbols \( \mathrm{X}-\mathrm{H} 2 \) and \( \mathrm{Y} \), draw a coupled oxidationreduction reaction. Designate the molecule that is reduced and the one that is oxidized and state which one is the reducing agent and which is the oxidizing agent. (Hint: use the coenzymes to enzymes NAD and FAD) \( \forall \) Coupled reactions, endergonic, exergonic, oxidation and reduction. Explain and provide examples \( \mathrm{Na}, \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{NAD}, \mathrm{FAD} \)