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(Solved): (ii) Define the Tolman cone angle, using a diagram in your answer. Discuss the factors that affect ...
(ii) Define the Tolman cone angle, using a diagram in your answer. Discuss the factors that affect the cone angle, commenting on the values below. (iii) Give a synthesis for the preparation of tertiary phosphines, stating any specific reaction requirements. (iv) Describe the key features of solution spectra of and (v) Identify two oxides of phosphorus formed on combustion of the element with , drawing the structure of each. i) Each of these oxides undergoes hydrolysis to give a different oxyacid. Fo each of these acids, write down the formula, provide a name and draw structure.
Expert Answer
(ii) The Tolman cone angle is a measure of the steric bulk around a central atom in a coordination complex. It is defined as the angle that encloses a cone around the central atom, within which ligands can approach without experiencing significant steric hindrance. Here is a diagram illustrating the concept: Ligands / / / / / / Cone / / / Central AtomFactors affecting the cone angle include:Steric bulk of the ligands: Larger ligands or ligands with bulky substituents will increase the cone angle.Nature of the central atom: A larger central atom will allow for a larger cone angle.Coordination number: Higher coordination numbers may decrease the cone angle due to increased crowding.Electronic effects: Electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents on the ligands can affect the cone angle.Based on the given values, the cone angles are:PH3: °P'Bu3: °P(OMe)3: °P(OPh)3: °