(Solved): Consider the electron carriers \( \mathrm{NAD}^{+} \)and \( \mathrm{NADP}^{+} \). a. The reaction ...

Consider the electron carriers \( \mathrm{NAD}^{+} \)and \( \mathrm{NADP}^{+} \). a. The reaction below has a standard redox potential of \( -0.315 \mathrm{~V} \). Given that the reaction relating free energy to the redox potential is \( \Delta \mathrm{G}=-\mathrm{nFE} \) (where \( \mathrm{F} \) is a constant and \( \mathrm{E}^{\circ} \) is the potential) is the below reaction favorable or not? \[ \mathrm{NAD}^{+}+2 \mathrm{H}^{+}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{NADH}+\mathrm{H}^{+} \] b. Given your answer to part a, and assuming that the below reaction can be coupled to NAD/NADH to create a spontaneous reaction, write the correct net reaction for the full process. \[ \text { Pyruvate }+2 \mathrm{H}^{+}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \leftrightarrow \text { Lactate } \quad \Delta \mathrm{G}>0 \] c. Qualify the basal ratios of \( \mathrm{NAD}^{+}: \)NADH and NADP \( ^{+} \): NADPH. How do these ratios connect with the roles of \( \mathrm{NAD}^{+} \)and \( \mathrm{NADP}^{+} \)in the cell? d. Consider what happens when the ratio of \( \mathrm{NAD}^{+}: \mathrm{NADH} \) is elevated. How does this trigger downstream reactions and what kind of message are they sending? e. Consider the following graph showing the absorbance (@340 nm) of an enzymatic reaction that uses \( \mathrm{NAD}^{+} \)as a cofactor. Describe what's happening to create this graph and how the data can be used to determine properties of the enzymatic reaction.