(Solved): 3. The tree below shows an "outgroup" (Og) and the relationships among six species in the "ingroup ...

3. The tree below shows an "outgroup" $$(\mathrm{Og})$$ and the relationships among six species in the "ingroup" (A, B, C, D, E, F). This tree was generated using the character state data matrix at the bottom of the page. It has a list of four characters, and whether or not each species has the ancestral (0) or derived (1) state for that character. Start by labeling on the tree where each of the four derived character states evolved. Why is it that no derived character state is required to support this tree's claim that species of the ingroup (A, B, C, D, E, F) are more closely related to one another than any of them is to the outgroup $$(\mathrm{Og})$$ ? What purposes does the outgroup serve?