(Solved): 1). All are examples of market forces except_______consumer needsglobal segmentsglobal media spreade ...

Market forces depend on the nature of customer behavior and the structure of channels of distribution. Some common market forces are as follows: - Per capita income converging among industrialized nations - Emergence of rich consumers in emerging markets such as China and India - Convergence of lifestyles and tastes (e.g., McDonald's in Moscow and Stolichnaya vodka in America) - Revolution in information and communication technologies (e.g., personal computer, mobile devices, and the internet) - Increased international travel creating global consumers knowledgeable about products from many countries - Organizations beginning to behave as global customers - Growth of global and regional channels (e.g., America's Walmart, France's Carrefour/Promodès, Germany's Metro, and Japan's 7-Eleven) - Establishment of world brands (e.g., Apple, Coca-Cola, Microsoft, Toyota, and Nestlé) - Push to develop global advertising (e.g., Saatchi and Saatchi's commercials for British Airways) - Spread of global and regional media (e.g., CNN, MTV, and Al Jazeera) Cost Forces Some of the cost forces are as follows: - Push for economies of scale and scope, further aided by flexible manufacturing - Accelerating technological innovations - Advances in transportation (e.g., FedEx, UPS, DHL, and Yamato Transport) - Emergence of newly industrializing countries with productive capabilities and low labor costs (e.g., China, India, and many Eastern European countries) - High product development costs relative to shortened product life cycle Competitive forces raise the globalization potential of their industry and spur the need for a response on the global strategy levels. The common competitive forces include the following: - Increase in world trade - More countries becoming key competitive battlegrounds (e.g., China, Japan, Korea, India, and Brazil) - Increased ownership of corporations by foreign investors - Globalization of financial markets (e.g., listing of corporations on multiple stock exchanges and issuing debt in multiple currencies) - Rise of new competitors intent on becoming global competitors (e.g., Japanese firms in the 1970s; Korean firms in the 1980s; Taiwanese firms in the 1990s; Brazilian, Chinese, and Indian firms in the 2000s) - Rise of "born global" internet and other companies - Growth of global networks making countries interdependent in particular industries (e.g., electronics and aircraft manufacturing) - More companies becoming geocentric rather than ethnocentric (e.g., Stanley Works, a traditional U.S. company, moved its production offshore; Uniden, a Japanese telecommunications equipment manufacturer, has never manufactured in Japan) - Increased formation of global strategic alliances